Spectral, Transmittance and Thermal Properties of Nd3+ Doped Borophosphate Glasses

Abstract

Glass of the system :(20-x)P2O5: 10ZnO: 10Li2O: 10CaO: 10Na2O: 10Sb2O3: 10Al2O3:10Y2O3:10B2O3:xNd2O3. (where x=1, 1.5,2 mol %) have been prepared by melt-quenching method. The amorphous nature of the glasses was confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. Optical absorption, Excitation, fluorescence, DTA thermogram and Transmittance spectra were recorded at room temperature for all glass samples Slater-Condon parameters Fk (k=2, 4, 6), Lande parameter ?4f and Racah parameters Ek (k=1, 2, 3) have been computed. Using these parameters energies and intensities of these bands has been calculated. Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters ?? (?=2, 4, 6) are evaluated from the intensities of various absorption bands of optical absorption spectra. Using these intensity parameters various radiative properties like spontaneous emission probability (A), branching ratio (?R), radiative life time (?R) and stimulated emission cross–section (?p)) of various emission lines have been evaluated.

Introduction

Phosphate glasses, particularly borophosphate variants, are valued for their high transparency, thermal and chemical stability, low phonon energy, and high rare-earth ion solubility, making them suitable for optical devices, lasers, sensors, and nonlinear applications. Adding modifiers like Na?O improves rare-earth doping capacity.

This study focuses on Nd³?-doped yttrium-zinc-lithium sodalime antimony alumino-borophosphate glass, prepared via melt-quenching with compositions varying in Nd?O? content (1–2 mol%). The glasses are optically transparent and of high quality.

Spectroscopic analysis uses Judd–Ofelt theory to calculate oscillator strengths, intensity parameters (Ω?, Ω?, Ω?), and radiative properties such as spontaneous emission probability, branching ratios, radiative lifetimes, and stimulated emission cross-sections. The nature of R–O bonds is assessed via Nephelauxetic ratio and bonding parameter.

XRD analysis confirms the amorphous nature of the glasses, showing broad diffuse humps with no sharp Bragg peaks. Overall, the work characterizes the thermal, absorption, and emission properties of Nd³?-doped borophosphate glass for potential optical and laser applications.

Conclusion

In the present study, the glass samples of composition :(20-x)P2O5: 10ZnO: 10Li2O: 10CaO: 10Na2O: 10Sb2O3: 10Al2O3:10Y2O3:10B2O3: xNd2O3. (where x =1, 1.5, 2 mol %) have been prepared by melt-quenching method. The stimulated emission cross section (?p) has highest value for the transition (4F3/2?4I11/2) in all the glass specimens doped with Nd3+ ion. This shows that (4F3/2?4I11/2) transition is most probable transition. Large Balaji and thermal parameters shows that the prepared glass samples are useful for Thermionic Applications.

References

[1] Meena,S.L.(2025).Spectral, Transmittance and Upconversion Properties of Pr3+ Doped Bismuth Borate Glasses,IOSR-Appl.Phys.17,20-27. [2] Matous,I.S.,Balzaretti,N.M.(2024).Effect of mixed alkali ions on the structural and spectroscopic properties of Nd3+ doped silicate glasses,Results Mat.21,100517. [3] Asyikin,A.S.,Halimah,M.K.,Latif,A.A.,Faznny,M.F.Nazrin,S.N.(2020).Physical,structural and optical properties of bio-silica borotellurite glass system doped with samarium oxide nanoparticles,J.Non-Cryst.Solids,529,119777 [4] Kashif,I.,Ratep,A.(2023).Influence of dysprosium oxide on physical and optical characteristics of zinc boro-tellurite glasses for optoelectronic device application,Res.Opt.11,100401. [5] Klimesz,B., Romanowski,W.R.,Lisiecki,R.(2024)Spectroscopic and Thermographic qualities of praseodymium doped oxyfluorotellurite glasses,Molecules,29,3041. [6] Sigh,H.,Singh,D.,Singh,S.P.(2025).Er3+,Nd3+,Tm3+:Upconversion in lead borophosphate glasses for visible emission,35:5135-5157. [7] Kaur, R.B.R.,Kumar,A.(2021).Physical,optical,structural and thermoluminescence behavior of borosilicate glass doped with trivalent neodymium ions,Opt.Mat.117,1-13 [8] Meena,S.L.(2024).Spectral and Luminescence Study of Er3+ Doped Phosphate Glasses for the Development of 1.5 ?m Broadband Amplifier, IOSR Appl.Phys.16,35-41. [9] Iscoa,P.L.,Ojha,N.,Aryal,U.,Pugliese,D.,Boetti,N.G.,Milanese,D.,Petit,L.(2019).Spectroscopic Properties of Er3+ doped particle containing phosphate glasses fabricated using the direct doping method,Materials,12,129,1-12 [10] Deepa, A. V., murygasen, Priya, Muralimanohar, P., Sathyamoorthy, K.and Vinothkumar, P.(2019). A comparison on the structural and optical properties of different rare earth doped phosphate glass, Optik, 181,361-367 [11] Maheshwari, K., Rao, A. S.(2022). Photoluminescence downshifting studies of thermally stable Dy3+ ions doped phosphate glasses for photonic device applications. Opt. Mater.129,112518. [12] Jlassi, I.; Doddoji, R.(2024). Structural, UV light-excitable luminescence and warm white light generation of dysprosium ionactivated zinc leadfluoride sodium phosphate glasses. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 35,748. [13] Linganna, K.,Haritha, P., Venkata Krishnaiah, K.,Venkatramu, V., Jayasankar, C. K.(2014). Optical and luminescence properties of Dy3+ ions in K?Sr?Al phosphate glasses for yellow laser applications. Appl. Phys. B,117, 75?84. [14] Jimenez,J.A.,Hedge,V.,Viswanath,C.S.D.,Amesimenu,R.(2024). Insights into the Structural, Thermal/Dilatometric, and Optical Properties of Dy3+-Doped Phosphate Glasses for Lighting Applications, ACS Phys. Chem Au, 4, 720?735. [15] Meena,S.L.(2023). Spectral and Raman Analysis of Er3+ Doped Ytterbium Zinc Lithium Sodalime Magnesium Borophosphate Glasses, Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng.Tech.12, 10915-10924. [16] Kumar,M.V.,Marimuthu,K.(2015).Structural and luminescence properties of Dy3+ doped oxyfluoro-borophosphate glasses for lasing materials and white LEDs J. Alloys-Compds.629,230-241. [17] Pal, M., Roy, B.and Pal, M. (2011). Structural characterization of borate glasses containing zinc and manganese oxide. J.Mod. Physics, 2, 1062-66. [18] Dahiya, M.S., Khasa,S. and Agarwal,A. (2015).Physical, thermal, structural and optical absorption studies of vanadyl doped magnesium oxy-chloride bismo-borate glasses . Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies 3, 206–211. [19] Parandamaiah,M.(2015). Dy 3+doped Lithium Sodium Bismuth Borate Glasses for Yellow Luminescent Photonic Applications, 5,126-131. [20] Meena,S.L.(2024).Spectral and Thermal properties of Tm3+doped in zinc lithium tungsten antimonyborophosphate glasses, IOSR Appl.Phys.16,10-15. [21] Meena,S.L.(2025).Spectral and Thermal properties of Eu3+ doped ytteriumzinc lithium alumina tungsten potassiumniobatebismuth borate glasses with low Hruby’s criterion, IOSR Appl.Phys.17,48-54. [22] Judd, B.R.(1962).Optical absorption intensities of rare earth ions,Phys.Rev.127,750-761. [23] Ofelt, G.S. (1962). Intensities of crystal spectra of rare earth Ions, Chem.Phys37, 511-520. [24] Ahmad,A.U.,Hashim,S.,Goshal,S.K.(2019).Optical traits of neodymium-doped new types of borate glasses: Judd-Ofelt analysis,Optik,199,163515. [25] Meena,S.L.(2020). Spectroscopic properties of Tm3+ doped in zinc lithium alumino antimony borophosphate glasses,IOSR Appl.Phys.12,36-41 [26] Shwetha,M.,Eraiah,B.(2019).Influence of Er3+ ions on the physical,structural,optical and thermal properties of ZnO-Li2O-P2O5 glasses,Appl.Phys.A,125:221 [27] Meena,S.L.(2025). Spectral, Thermal and Raman Analysis Of Ho3+Doped Borophosphate Glasses With Large Balaji Parameter,IOSR Appl.Phys.17,24-31. [28] Meena,S.L.(2025).Spectral and Thermal properties of Eu3+ doped ytteriumzinc lithium alumina tungsten potassiumniobatebismuth borate blasses with low Hruby’s criterion, IOSR Appl.Phys.17,48-54. [29] Meena,S.L.(2024).Spectral, Thermal and FTIR analysis of Pr3+doped in Zinc Lithium Sodium Lead Tungsten Aluminophosphate glasses, Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Tech.13,235-244. [30] Meena,S.L.(2025).Spectral, Thermal and Raman Analysis of Dy3+ Doped Borosilicate Glasses with Large Thermal Stability Parameter,Int.J.Eng.Sci.Inv.14,11-18.

Copyright

Copyright © 2025 S. L. Meena. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.